
 That was incredibly detailed.  You put a solid amount of thought into that, and I think, if you can explain it clearly in the narration, it will add a level of dimension to your story.
Currently, my NaNo novel uses only first names, preceded by a title if applicable.  There just aren't that many characters right now, but I may develop that further when I do revisions.
For Alaidia, which is theoretically set in "this world," I use the typical first/middle/last arrangement, preceded by a title and followed by a numeral as necessary.  All members of royalty have a last name, but they typically don't use it; it is standard for them to write their numeral instead, even if they are "the first."
In one of my other hibernating novels, however, I and my co-author have a created system.  Male names follow this format:  title/first/middle/rank/locality  Female names are in this style: title/first/middle, followed by their relation to their male authority and their male authority's title/first/rank/locality.  
The "title" indicates their social status.  For every social rung there is a title for the adult man and a matching title for a married woman:  Duke/Duchess, Master/Mistress, etc.  In every social rung except the highest, minor men have the title "young master" and unmarried women are "miss."  In the highest social rung (members of the supreme government), the titles for minor men and unmarried women are different for respect.
"Ranks," on the other hand, are family divisions like the 12 Tribes of Israel.  Rank is an extremely important social bond, so Rank designation is used in place of last name.  
The "locality" is simply the city of one's permanent residence.  It can change if someone thoroughly relocates to another city, but it often doesn't out of emotional attachment.
So, for example, one character's name is:  Young Master Eryn Joseph Longsway of D'Marr.
On the other hand, his sister's name is:  Miss Leah Loraine III, daughter of Duke Nathaniel Longsway of D'Marr.
When Leah comes under the care of her uncle, who is a Governor (a member of the supreme gov't and the highest social rank), her name becomes:  Lady Leah Loraine III, niece of Governor Edward Longsway of D'Marr.
In everyday usage, the first/middle/rank is used like first/middle/last, with titles and numbers added as necessary for formality.  So most often, Leah would probably sign her name as "Leah Loraine Longsway III"; while with her uncle, she's frequently "Lady Leah."  (And, yes, the alliteration was intentional...)  Her entire full name, however, is used in official settings and as necessary to distinguish her from anyone else in the Longsway Rank who might be named Leah.
As a side note, I believe some other cultures also put the last name first (I think because they value family relationships above personal identity).  Asian countries, IIRC.